Federalism: Duterte's Biggest Security Reform?

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Sagada, Mountain Province

     Photographs by CBCabalza. Copyright © 2018 by Chester B. Cabalza. All Rights Reserved.

My Indiana Jones Adventure with my son! Returned to this nirvana after almost two decades and Sagada never stops mesmerizing me!

The Philippine Rise Conundrum

By Chester B Cabalza

Blogger's Notes:
Commentary of an Academic 
(Copyright @ 2018 by Chester B Cabalza. All Rights Reserved).

In an act of bravado to signify Philippine interest to cordon off the Philippines’ latest maritime gem, President Rodrigo Duterte aboard BRP Davao del Sur signed on May 15 a presidential proclamation declaring portions of the Philippine Rise, formerly known as the Benham Rise, and Eastern Kalayaan in the Spratly Islands as protected areas. The 50,000 hectares resource-rich continental shelf which became a Strict Protection Zone exclusively for Philippine scientific studies was ruled out by the United Nations in 2012 as part of the country’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) giving the Southeast Asian’s archipelagic nation-state the sovereign rights to explore and exploit resources in the area.

The Philippine Rise is an uncontested underwater plateau about 150 nautical miles to the east of the northern Philippine island of Luzon. It was renamed also in May last year from Benham Rise, fortified through the Executive Order No. 25, renaming the 13-million hectare area undersea landmass off Aurora and Cagayan provinces in an apparent bid to assert the country’s sovereignty amid alleged incursions by Chinese ships.

Two years ago, in a campaign showdown between and among presidential candidates in the Philippines, the firebrand leader caught the attention of Filipino voters when Duterte said, out of his witticism to augment his tactical approach, to ride a jet ski to the contested waters of the West Philippine Sea on China’s reclaimed land in the Spratlys and plant the Philippine flag there to stir his patriotism to the country at the height of the ongoing row in the West Philippine Sea between China and the Philippines. As of this time, that political promise has yet to be realized.

Last year, China sought permission from the Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs to conduct its own hydrographic surveys in the uninhabited and structure-free Philippine Rise which saw its presence in several periods. The massive rise has no scintilla of ownership dispute and is recognized by international law that gives an apparent geostrategic importance to China in its quest to establish itself as a regional hegemon. China’s newfound defense and economic confidence is near completion on its reenvisioned maritime power. Understandably, this undersea scientific playing ground matters to China’s quest for maritime expansion.  

Despite the warming relationship of China and the Philippines and frequent visits of strongmen Asian leaders in Beijing and Manila, how come that the Filipino president tries to assert his sovereignty rights over the Philippines Rise? Will China continuously pursue bilateral cooperation in the exploration and exploitation of the resource-rich rise?

In a conciliatory bid to soften Manila’s aggressive attack on Beijing, President Duterte’s  recalibrated diplomatic knack swiftly nurtured a welcoming friendly ties with Xi Jinping after the highly-talked about July 2016 Arbitral Tribunal invalidation of China’s nine-dash line claims, for which after several high-level summits, it will pave a way for an holistic Framework on the Code of Conduct in managing the contested islands to avert the costly consequences of any potential outbreak of armed confrontations in the disputed sea region.

Underlining President Duterte’s action man persona proves that he is trying to assert sovereignty to Philippine territories bounded by the spirit of the Philippine Constitution that explicitly adheres to the protection and security of the country’s national sovereignty and territorial integrity. In his thrust to accelerate federalism, he had ordered the composition of the Consultative Commission that intends to harmonize the country’s 1987 constitution with existing international laws of the sea.

In the proposed Article 1 of the draft charter on Sovereignty Over Territory and Sovereign Rights, Section 1 states that, “the Philippines has sovereignty over its territory, consisting of the islands and waters encompassed by its archipelagic baselines, its territorial sea, and its airspace. It has sovereignty over islands and features outside its archipelagic baselines pursuant to the laws of the Federal Republic, the law of nations, and the judgments of competent international courts or tribunals. It likewise has sovereignty over all the other territories belonging to the Philippines by historic right or legal title. While Section 2 stipulates that, “the Philippines has sovereign rights over that maritime expanse beyond its territorial sea to the extent reserved to it by international law, as well as over its extended continental shelf including the Philippine (Benham) Rise. Its citizens shall enjoy the right to all resources to which they are entitled by historic rights.”

However historic right and legal title on the Philippine Rise can become a potent factor to circumvent the ambiguity and volatility of regional security environment that may make or break any strategic undertaking. To subscribe to the historical claims would be a haphazard calculation of China’s saber rattling military manuevering to legitimize its claims in the disputed islands in the region. It is a double-edged sword tactic resulting to pessimistic multiplier effects on how to deal with the Philippine Rise conundrum.

On the query on bilateral cooperation between the Philippines and China, it appears relatively affirmative and promising. In terms of joint scientific research, Philippine law would allow foreign research in its territory as long Filipino scientists are aboard the research vessel and the findings of the study are shared internationally. Hence, Article 246 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Unclos) permits in normal circumstances the granting of consent for marine scientific research projects by other countries.

Nonetheless, the world’s second largest archipelago remained weak in defending its stolen territory and maritime entitlements despite an increase to 13 million hectares on Philippine archipelagic territory based on endowment of the Unclos to the Philippine Rise. Hence, Philippine defense laws and security executive issuances should essentially identify fundamental interests, primarily for the fortification of the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. In the end, the Philippines is still locked in a period when hegemony of naval powers reign at seas to regain its real independence.

Anilao, Batangas (Scuba Diving)

     Photographs by CBCabalza. Copyright © 2018 by Chester B. Cabalza. All Rights Reserved.

In the deep end of the ocean

when natural born divers

swim gracefully, among the

school of fish, the barracudas,

and other creatures in a

vast body of a deep blue sea;

only goggles as their apparatus

to explore the finest haven

or empire that few can only see

They hold their breath,

crawling like an eel, to catch

a glimpse of an underwater sanctuary

peculiar colors of fish flash

to the sight, jellies as lanterns,

corals as grotto of tiny school,

seahorses robe the majestic kingdom

Beneath the endless basin,

a fortune of ornaments and splendor

amaze divers,

and like fish, they are bestowed with

gills to breath underwater,

the mermen and guardians

of creatures of the abyss

So when divers exhale

no way the whale splash their breath,

is like an astonishing relieve

to glance once more

the dome of the earth,

heedless, the clear skies

ready to clasp them in

their resurrection,

and all the while they inhale

oxygen

then the underwater

guzzle them again

to see more of the power

down, down, down…

(Poetry by CBCabalza)

Boracay Island’s Tragedy of the Commons

By Chester B Cabalza

Blogger's Notes:
Commentary of an Academic 
(Copyright @ 2018 by Chester B Cabalza. All Rights Reserved).

A month after President Rodrigo Duterte ordered the total closure of Boracay Islands to recover from climate change and the influx of tourism, about millions of local and foreign tourists have been deprived from its celebrated white-sand beaches since its declaration as a cesspool.  The archipelagic country’s recent environmental disaster sums up the tragedy of the commons on its sustainable development meshing economic growth and environmental protection. Based from the Department of Tourism report, around 152,391 individual in Western Visayas of the Philippines could be affected by the closure giving the local economy a decrease by only five percent.

More than 1,000 structures are being partially or completely demolished to give way for the road widening. Although an initial master plan seeks for upgrades to address issues including the island’s infrastructure, transportation, environmental law violations, sewerage and waste management problems that will allot 70 percent for open space and only 30 percent for establishments under its rehabilitation program. 

President Duterte’s adamant upper hand on the island’s closure could save Boracay’s carrying capacity as a tourist destination to restore its wonder in addressing damages to the nature, degradation of tourist experience, alienation of local residents, and threats to culture and heritage which affected the ecological footprint of tourists.

The Philippines has a coastline of 37,008 kilometers, longer than the coastlines of China and the United States. The total coastal population of the country is estimated at 55.3 million or almost half of the country’s total population. Despite these omnipresent connections, environmental issues are still not high on the national security agenda in the country. The nexus of environmental security is seen neither as a security issue nor an environmental issue. However, it can be construed that environmental issues are often security concerns that have the potential to displace populations and lead to state collapse.

Boracay Islands is a best template for ecotourism that should embrace certain principles in the conservation of natural ecosystems, biodiversity and culture; community participation in the growth of the local tourism industry; inclusive growth that involves, women,  children, indigenous peoples, informal sector; increased  awareness  on environmental conservation and responsible travel; and balanced development by taking into consideration  economic, environmental and social goals.

In rehabilitating Boracay islands, there should be a good development plan to preserve the overall quality of the environment and tourist resources that will allow it to be used in the future. The planning and management of tourist development must not trigger serious ecological or socio-cultural problems. The attraction of open area should be maintained to continue the level of tourist satisfaction that will sustain commercial potential of the area and ultimately benefiting all the members of the community. It is therefore imperative that with increasing activities on various tourist destinations, it certainly requires the cooperation of all stakeholders in the community.

Moreover, sustainable tourism development must be supervised by Boracay island’s local authorities, and jointly managed and developed by non-government organizations (NGOs), local business groups and the residents because tourists or the consumers are the ones that are brought to the product made not only of individual local goods and services but the entire complex range of elements. Local authorities are in the best capacity to establish a sustainable approach to tourism in destinations, setting a strategic plan and balancing the interests of tourism enterprises, tourists and local residents. They are in the position to enforce tourism development, including spatial planning, development control, environmental management and community services.

Filipinos must understand that Boracay’s closure calls for a national support system on which all other commercial enterprises depend to save the country’s premiere tourist destination from greater havoc and for the bright future of the next generation. If political, social, cultural, and most importantly economic systems are to remain secure and viable, Boracay islands must also remain secure and viable. This will make the Philippines’ tourism gem a legitimate national security concern.

The social impacts of the environment security on Philippine tourism need niches for the effective use and conservation of the environment as a component of a wider sustainable development strategy in consonance with the principles of ecotourism and sustainable tourism development. It needs political will to champion environmental protection of beaches and islands against abusive economic gains that forgets the future of tomorrow.

The closure of Boracay island heralds the implementation of environmental laws in the country to protect Mother Nature premised on a foundation of ethics and respect for life.  Its closure sets example and offers a lessons learned practice that the there is a need to educate tourists, tourists stakeholders and communities of responsible tourism. It must create opportunities for raising awareness and support for the conservation of the environment and provide the forum to forge local and international network of individuals, institutions, the tourism industry and environmental line agencies. Notable efforts in prominent marine tourist destinations would call for proper resource utilization, protection and rehabilitation, as well as detection, apprehension, confiscation, prosecution and adjudication of environment-related violations. Lastly, the intersection of environmental justice and security considerations must lead to the formulation of policies that will influence the sunrise tourism industry, government institutions, civil society, and private sector to institutionalize the principles of environmental security governance.

Fun Taiwan!

  Photographs by CBCabalza. Copyright © 2018 by Chester B. Cabalza. All Rights Reserved.

On top of the Philippine archipelago is a bountiful and tech-savvy small island blessed with industrious Taiwanese! I had so much fun in Taipei with a lovely city coated by rich history and urbane skyscrappers and subways! The food is awesome and millennial Taiwanese are so kind yet hip! #ItsFunInFormosa

  

The Resurgence of Xi Jinping

Photo from US State Department

By Chester B Cabalza

Blogger's Notes:
Commentary of an Academic 
(Copyright @ 2018 by Chester B Cabalza. All Rights Reserved).

After the historic proclamation of Xi Jinping’s indefinite presidential term-limit approved in the recently concluded National People’s Congress, the current Chinese president may now surpass his predecessors and reshape what the Chinese paramount leaders may have envisioned for China to achieve the Chinese Dream. Since the birth of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai, the ruling party becomes the source of all political power that exudes all the exclusive right to legitimize and control all other political organizations. It alone determines the economic, social, and political goals for the society, mostly controlled by the Chinese elites, who themselves are leaders of the party hierarchy.

Last month’s assertion of Filipino President Rodrigo Duterte on sovereignty rights over the islands in the South China Sea, while he single-handedly recognized the nomenclature as the West Philippine Sea before the Chinese-Filipino businessmen, it strikes a resounding review on his external security policy after three biggest reefs in the Fiery Cross, Mischief, and Subi around the Spratly archipelago are obviously manned now by the People’s Liberation Army Navy; cognizant of the shifting geopolitical tussle of major powers in the Indo-Pacific rim.

Despite the apparent warming relationship of Beijing and Manila under the Xi-Duterte regimes which can be construed as a bittersweet brotherhood union since the burial of the Sulu Muslim monarch Paduka Batara in 1471 in present-day Dezhou in China; and although Manila houses the world’s oldest Chinatown in Binondo, the giant neighbour still gets the upper hand in today’s China-Philippines bilateral relationship. But as President Xi Jinping acquires more wealth and power, what will be China’s defense relationship with the Philippines?

Xi Jinping’s aggressive modernization of the People’s Liberation Army came to be realized for the national reunification of its maritime and territorial islands putting in place Chinese military under heavy pressure in securing the continental country and its border areas. A decision to strengthen the reform of China’s national defense and armed forces were adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 18^th Central Committee of the Party. Under President Xi, China’s defense budget has increased by double digits nearly every year making China the world’s second largest military spender as it becomes proactive in ocean filling and infrastructure building carrying out the Anti-Access Area Denial (A2/AD) and Island Chain strategies.

China’s economic prowess will be fully realized by 2050 based on the strong macroeconomic indicators predicted by economic think tanks. Its current strategic rank in the hierarchy of strongest nations was paved way since Mao Zedong dominated the “First Generation” leadership of the People’s Republic of China. Deng Xiaoping and his cohorts defined the “Second Generation” as China opened up its economy to the world. Jiang Zemin spearheaded China’s peaceful development under the “Third Generation” stabilizing China’s post-Tiananmen economic reforms posting a consistent economic growth trajectory. Hu Jintao’s peaceful rise and harmonious society consolidated the “Fourth Generation” considering the “Fifth Generation” manuevered by Xi Jinping who will no doubt lead an army of confident Chinese dreamers. Apparently, the five charismatic and enigmatic paramount leaders of China have led the world’s most populous nation to its Manifest Destiny as it prepares for the party’s centennial celebration by 2049 since the Chinese Communist theoretically founded its latest political dynasty in 1949, transferring the seat of power to Beijing.

The Mao-Deng extreme leadership values differ as the first leader laid the ground on political reforms for 27 years while the latter plotted economic reforms for 14 years. Three decades ago, the People’s Liberation Army was considered a boxer suffering from ‘short arms and slow feet’ but its inferiority complex was holistically transformed by President Jiang Zemin by modernizing China’s armed forces, the same period when President Fidel Ramos proposed for the modernization program of the Philippines’ armed forces, fostered by the two leaders’ karaoke diplomacy.

Hu Jintao’s concept of the army’s functions goes beyond traditional tasks and embodied the role of armed forces to provide substantial force to ensure the consolidation of the ruling party status to provide strong security backing for China’s development. Aggressively the People’s Liberation Army Navy made a strategic shift from ‘coastal defines’ or land land-focused to ‘offshore defines’ or ocean-focused strategy, a shift that prepared them from safeguarding their shores in the seas off the Chinese littoral to perform a mix of sea and area denials by flexing global power projection that Xi Jingping is on the forefront to make that vision into a mission.

Now that China, a new naval power under Xi Jinxing is resurging, the Philippines should not be complacent of the status quo and current asymmetrical bilateral defense with the giant neighbour. China’s domineering attitude can be summed up to Sun Tzu’s wisdom on the importance of self-knowledge and of knowledge of one’s enemies. With the ambiguous security environment especially when external defense provides a severe shock that invalidates prevailing assumptions, it can be construed that most of the time, the Philippine strategy is a reflection of reactive policy decisions rather than a well-defined national security strategy based on foresight and appreciation in the evolving regional and global security landscape.